refactor: overhaul daemon server, client, and handlers

daemon/client.py

@@ -5,14 +5,19 @@ Communicates with vacuum-walld over a Unix socket using requests-unixsocket.
 
 import json
 import logging
+import re
 import urllib.parse
 from typing import Any
 
 import requests
 import requests_unixsocket
 
+from daemon.iface import PathLike
+
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
+_param_re = re.compile(r"<(\w+)>")
+
 
 class NotFound(Exception):
     """Raised when the daemon returns HTTP 404."""
@@ -68,9 +73,41 @@ def set_socket_path(path: str) -> None:
     _DEFAULT_SOCKET = path
 
 
+def _format_path(path: str, params: dict[str, Any] | None) -> str:
+    """Replace ``<param>`` path segments with URL-encoded values from *params*.
+
+    Args:
+        path: URL path that may contain ``<key>`` placeholders.
+        params: Dict of parameter values to substitute.
+
+    Returns:
+        Path with all ``<key>`` segments replaced by their URL-encoded
+        values. Unmatched placeholders are left unchanged.
+    """
+    if params is None:
+        return path
+
+    def _replace(m: re.Match[str]) -> str:
+        key = m.group(1)
+        if key in params:
+            return urllib.parse.quote(str(params[key]), safe="")
+        return m.group(0)
+
+    return _param_re.sub(_replace, path)
+
+
+def _resolve_path(method_or_ep: PathLike, path: str | None = None) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    """Resolve method/path from an Endpoint tuple or two separate arguments."""
+    if isinstance(method_or_ep, tuple):
+        return (method_or_ep[0], method_or_ep[1])
+    if path is None:
+        raise ValueError("path is required when method is a string")
+    return (method_or_ep, path)
+
+
 def request(
-    method: str,
+    method: PathLike,
-    path: str,
+    path: str | None = None,
     json_body: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
     query_params: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
     socket_path: str | None = None,
@@ -78,27 +115,40 @@ def request(
 ) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Make a request to the daemon and return the parsed response body.
 
+    *method* can be an :class:`Endpoint` tuple from :mod:`daemon.iface`,
+    in which case *path* should be omitted.
+
     For GET requests, query_params are sent as URL query parameters instead
     of a JSON body. For other methods, json_body is sent as JSON.
 
     Raises RuntimeError on non-2xx responses or connection errors.
     Raises NotFound on HTTP 404. Raises BadRequest on HTTP 400.
     """
+    resolved_method, resolved_path = _resolve_path(method, path)
+
+    # Substitute <param> segments from body/query params so the daemon
+    # receives a concrete path instead of a template.
+    # Merge body and query params for <param> substitution. query_params
+    # takes precedence on key conflicts, so callers should avoid passing
+    # the same key in both dicts.
+    combined = {**(json_body or {}), **(query_params or {})}
+    formatted_path = _format_path(resolved_path, combined)
+
     sp = socket_path or _get_socket_path()
-    url = f"http+unix://{urllib.parse.quote(sp, safe='')}{path}"
+    url = f"http+unix://{urllib.parse.quote(sp, safe='')}{formatted_path}"
     sess = requests_unixsocket.Session()
     try:
         kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {
             "timeout": timeout,
         }
-        if method == "GET":
+        if resolved_method == "GET":
             if query_params:
                 kwargs["params"] = query_params
         else:
             if json_body is not None:
                 kwargs["json"] = json_body
         resp = sess.request(
-            method,
+            resolved_method,
             url,
             **kwargs,
         )
@@ -112,7 +162,9 @@ def request(
     except requests.ConnectionError as exc:
         raise RuntimeError(f"Cannot connect to daemon at {sp}: {exc}") from exc
     except requests.Timeout as exc:
-        raise RuntimeError(f"Daemon request timed out: {method} {path}") from exc
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            f"Daemon request timed out: {resolved_method} {resolved_path}"
+        ) from exc
     except requests.HTTPError as exc:
         try:
             data = resp.json()
@@ -129,72 +181,40 @@ def request(
     return data.get("data")
 
 
-def get(path: str, params: dict[str, Any] | None = None, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+def get(path: PathLike, params: dict[str, Any] | None = None, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
     """Send a GET request to the daemon.
 
-    Query parameters are passed as URL params rather than a JSON body.
+    *path* can be a :class:`Endpoint` tuple from :mod:`daemon.iface`
-    Additional keyword arguments are forwarded to request().
+    (e.g., ``GET_FIREWALL_ZONES``), or a plain string path.
-
-    Args:
-        path: URL path to request on the daemon.
-        params: Optional query parameters to append to the URL.
-        **kwargs: Extra arguments forwarded to request().
-
-    Returns:
-        The parsed JSON response data from the daemon.
     """
-    return request("GET", path, query_params=params, **kwargs)
+    return request(path, query_params=params, **kwargs)
 
 
-def post(path: str, body: dict[str, Any] | None = None, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+def post(path: PathLike, body: dict[str, Any] | None = None, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
     """Send a POST request to the daemon.
 
     The body is transmitted as a JSON payload. Extra keyword arguments
-    are forwarded to request().
+    are forwarded to request(). *path* can be an :class:`Endpoint` tuple.
-
-    Args:
-        path: URL path to request on the daemon.
-        body: Optional JSON-serializable payload.
-        **kwargs: Extra arguments forwarded to request().
-
-    Returns:
-        The parsed JSON response data from the daemon.
     """
-    return request("POST", path, json_body=body, **kwargs)
+    return request(path, json_body=body, **kwargs)
 
 
-def patch(path: str, body: dict[str, Any] | None = None, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+def patch(path: PathLike, body: dict[str, Any] | None = None, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
     """Send a PATCH request to the daemon.
 
     The body is transmitted as a JSON payload. Extra keyword arguments
-    are forwarded to request().
+    are forwarded to request(). *path* can be an :class:`Endpoint` tuple.
-
-    Args:
-        path: URL path to request on the daemon.
-        body: Optional JSON-serializable payload.
-        **kwargs: Extra arguments forwarded to request().
-
-    Returns:
-        The parsed JSON response data from the daemon.
     """
-    return request("PATCH", path, json_body=body, **kwargs)
+    return request(path, json_body=body, **kwargs)
 
 
-def delete(path: str, body: dict[str, Any] | None = None, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+def delete(path: PathLike, body: dict[str, Any] | None = None, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
     """Send a DELETE request to the daemon.
 
     The body is transmitted as a JSON payload. Extra keyword arguments
-    are forwarded to request().
+    are forwarded to request(). *path* can be an :class:`Endpoint` tuple.
-
-    Args:
-        path: URL path to request on the daemon.
-        body: Optional JSON-serializable payload.
-        **kwargs: Extra arguments forwarded to request().
-
-    Returns:
-        The parsed JSON response data from the daemon.
     """
-    return request("DELETE", path, json_body=body, **kwargs)
+    return request(path, json_body=body, **kwargs)
 
 
 def batch(ops: list[dict[str, Any]], **kwargs: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
@@ -203,4 +223,4 @@ def batch(ops: list[dict[str, Any]], **kwargs: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     Each op is a dict with 'id', 'method', 'path', and optionally 'body'.
     Returns a dict mapping each id to its result.
     """
-    return post("/batch", {"ops": ops}, **kwargs)
+    return request("POST", "/batch", json_body={"ops": ops}, **kwargs)

daemon/handlers/acme.py

@@ -12,7 +12,21 @@ from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
 from uuid import uuid4
 
+from daemon.iface import (
+    DELETE_ACME_REMOVE,
+    GET_ACME_EMAIL,
+    GET_ACME_INFO,
+    GET_ACME_ISSUE_STATUS,
+    GET_ACME_LIST,
+    GET_ACME_PATHS,
+    POST_ACME_EMAIL,
+    POST_ACME_ISSUE,
+    POST_ACME_RENEW,
+    POST_ACME_SELF_SIGNED,
+    POST_ACME_VALIDATE,
+)
 from daemon.server import NotFoundError, refresh_state, registry
+from lib.state import _run_acme
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -99,38 +113,6 @@ class IssueRequest:
 # Internal helpers
 
 
-def _run_acme(args: list[str]) -> str:
-    """Execute an acme.sh command and return combined output.
-
-    Returns:
-        Standard output (plus stderr).
-
-    Raises:
-        RuntimeError: On timeout or non-zero exit.
-    """
-    from lib.state import _find_acme
-
-    acme_bin = _find_acme()
-    acme_home_env = os.environ.get("ACME_HOME", str(_ACME_HOME))
-    cmd = [acme_bin, "--home", acme_home_env, "--config-home", acme_home_env, *args]
-    try:
-        result = subprocess.run(
-            cmd,
-            capture_output=True,
-            text=True,
-            timeout=120,
-            env={**os.environ, **_ACME_ENVIRON},
-        )
-    except subprocess.TimeoutExpired as exc:
-        raise RuntimeError(f"acme.sh timed out: {' '.join(cmd)}") from exc
-    output = result.stdout
-    if result.stderr:
-        output = output + result.stderr if output else result.stderr
-    if result.returncode != 0:
-        raise RuntimeError(f"acme.sh failed (rc={result.returncode}): {output.strip()}")
-    return output
-
-
 def _find_acme_bin() -> str:
     """Return the path to the acme.sh binary."""
     from lib.state import _find_acme
@@ -326,14 +308,14 @@ def _validate(domain: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
 # Routes — status reads from state, mutations call refresh_state
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/acme/list")
+@registry.register(GET_ACME_LIST)
 def list_certs(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> list[dict]:
     """GET /acme/list — return managed certificates."""
     ac = _get_acme_state()
     return ac.get("certs", [])
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/acme/info")
+@registry.register(GET_ACME_INFO)
 def get_cert_info(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict:
     """GET /acme/info — return details for a single domain certificate.
 
@@ -351,7 +333,7 @@ def get_cert_info(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict:
     raise NotFoundError(f"No certificate found for domain: {domain}")
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/acme/validate")
+@registry.register(POST_ACME_VALIDATE)
 def validate_cert(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """POST /acme/validate — run pre-flight checks for a domain.
 
@@ -366,7 +348,7 @@ def validate_cert(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return _validate(domain)
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/acme/issue")
+@registry.register(POST_ACME_ISSUE)
 async def issue_cert(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """POST /acme/issue — create a new certificate issuance request.
 
@@ -429,7 +411,7 @@ async def issue_cert(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, An
     return {"request_id": request_id, "domain": domain}
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/acme/issue/status")
+@registry.register(GET_ACME_ISSUE_STATUS)
 def get_issuance_status(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """GET /acme/issue/status — poll status of an issuance request.
 
@@ -498,7 +480,7 @@ async def _run_issue(req: IssueRequest) -> None:
         logger.error("Cert issuance for %s failed: %s", req.domain, exc)
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/acme/renew")
+@registry.register(POST_ACME_RENEW)
 def renew_cert(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """POST /acme/renew — renew a certificate for the given domain.
 
@@ -524,7 +506,7 @@ def renew_cert(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"domain": domain, "output": output.strip()}
 
 
-@registry.register("DELETE", "/acme/remove")
+@registry.register(DELETE_ACME_REMOVE)
 def remove_cert(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """DELETE /acme/remove — remove a certificate from ACME management.
 
@@ -542,7 +524,7 @@ def remove_cert(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"domain": domain}
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/acme/email")
+@registry.register(POST_ACME_EMAIL)
 def set_email(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """POST /acme/email — set the ACME contact email via account registration.
 
@@ -570,7 +552,7 @@ def set_email(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"email": email}
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/acme/email")
+@registry.register(GET_ACME_EMAIL)
 def get_email(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """GET /acme/email — return the currently configured ACME contact email."""
     ac = _get_acme_state()
@@ -582,7 +564,7 @@ def get_email(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"email": email}
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/acme/paths")
+@registry.register(GET_ACME_PATHS)
 def get_cert_paths(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, str]:
     """GET /acme/paths — return filesystem paths for a domain's certificate files.
 
@@ -600,3 +582,68 @@ def get_cert_paths(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, str]
         "ca": f"{acme_home}/ca.cer",
         "fullchain": f"{acme_home}/fullchain.cer",
     }
+
+
+@registry.register(POST_ACME_SELF_SIGNED)
+def generate_self_signed(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """POST /acme/self-signed — generate a self-signed certificate for a domain.
+
+    Idempotent: skips generation if cert and key already exist.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: When domain is missing.
+    """
+    if not body:
+        raise ValueError("Request body required")
+    domain = body.get("domain", "").strip()
+    if not domain:
+        raise ValueError("'domain' is required")
+    days = body.get("days", 365)
+
+    cert_dir = _ACME_HOME / domain
+    cert_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    cert_file = cert_dir / "fullchain.cer"
+    key_file = cert_dir / f"{domain}.key"
+
+    if cert_file.is_file() and key_file.is_file():
+        logger.info("Self-signed cert for %s already exists, skipping", domain)
+        return {
+            "domain": domain,
+            "cert": str(cert_file),
+            "key": str(key_file),
+            "generated": False,
+        }
+
+    subprocess.run(
+        [
+            "openssl",
+            "req",
+            "-x509",
+            "-newkey",
+            "rsa:2048",
+            "-keyout",
+            str(key_file),
+            "-out",
+            str(cert_file),
+            "-days",
+            str(days),
+            "-nodes",
+            "-subj",
+            f"/CN={domain}",
+        ],
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+        check=True,
+        timeout=30,
+    )
+
+    cert_file.chmod(0o644)
+    key_file.chmod(0o600)
+
+    logger.info("Self-signed cert for %s generated (%d days)", domain, days)
+    return {
+        "domain": domain,
+        "cert": str(cert_file),
+        "key": str(key_file),
+        "generated": True,
+    }

daemon/handlers/dnsmasq.py

@@ -8,6 +8,22 @@ from typing import Any
 
 from jinja2 import Environment, FileSystemLoader
 
+from daemon.iface import (
+    DELETE_DNSMASQ_DNS_RECORD_REMOVE,
+    DELETE_DNSMASQ_RANGES_REMOVE,
+    DELETE_DNSMASQ_STATIC_LEASE_REMOVE,
+    GET_DNSMASQ_CONFIG,
+    GET_DNSMASQ_LEASES,
+    GET_DNSMASQ_STATUS,
+    PATCH_DNSMASQ_CONFIG,
+    POST_DNSMASQ_APPLY,
+    POST_DNSMASQ_CONFIG,
+    POST_DNSMASQ_DNS_RECORD_ADD,
+    POST_DNSMASQ_DOMAIN,
+    POST_DNSMASQ_RANGES_ADD,
+    POST_DNSMASQ_STATIC_LEASE_ADD,
+    POST_DNSMASQ_UPSTREAMS,
+)
 from daemon.server import NotFoundError, refresh_state, registry
 from lib.common import deep_merge, ensure_dirs, load_json, run, run_proc, save_json
 
@@ -64,10 +80,26 @@ def _generate_conf(cfg: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     interfaces = [
         r["interface"] for r in dhcp_cfg.get("ranges", []) if "interface" in r
     ]
+
+    # Fallback: use network-managed interface addresses for listen-address
+    listen_addresses = []
+    try:
+        from lib.network import get_config as _get_net_config
+
+        net_cfg = _get_net_config()
+        for _iface, info in net_cfg.get("interfaces", {}).items():
+            for addr_str in info.get("addresses", []):
+                if "/" in addr_str:
+                    addr_str = addr_str.split("/")[0]
+                listen_addresses.append(addr_str)
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+
     tmpl = ENV.get_template("dnsmasq.conf")
     return tmpl.render(
         timestamp=datetime.now(UTC).strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ"),
-        interfaces=interfaces,
+        interfaces=interfaces or None,
+        listen_addresses=listen_addresses if listen_addresses else None,
         dhcp=dhcp_cfg,
         dns=dns_cfg,
         fragments_dir=str(FRAGMENTS_DIR) if FRAGMENTS_DIR.exists() else None,
@@ -86,7 +118,7 @@ def _get_dnsmasq_state() -> dict[str, Any]:
 # Routes
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/dnsmasq/config")
+@registry.register(GET_DNSMASQ_CONFIG)
 def get_config(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """\
     Endpoint: GET /dnsmasq/config
@@ -99,7 +131,7 @@ def get_config(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return _get_config()
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/dnsmasq/config")
+@registry.register(POST_DNSMASQ_CONFIG)
 def save_config_handler(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """\
     Endpoint: POST /dnsmasq/config
@@ -113,7 +145,7 @@ def save_config_handler(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str,
     return {"config_saved": True}
 
 
-@registry.register("PATCH", "/dnsmasq/config")
+@registry.register(PATCH_DNSMASQ_CONFIG)
 def patch_config(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """\
     Endpoint: PATCH /dnsmasq/config
@@ -129,7 +161,7 @@ def patch_config(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"config_saved": True}
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/dnsmasq/apply")
+@registry.register(POST_DNSMASQ_APPLY)
 def apply_config(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """\
     Endpoint: POST /dnsmasq/apply
@@ -152,7 +184,7 @@ def apply_config(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"applied": True}
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/dnsmasq/status")
+@registry.register(GET_DNSMASQ_STATUS)
 def get_status(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """\
     Endpoint: GET /dnsmasq/status
@@ -165,7 +197,7 @@ def get_status(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {}
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/dnsmasq/ranges/add")
+@registry.register(POST_DNSMASQ_RANGES_ADD)
 def set_dhcp_range(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """\
     Endpoint: POST /dnsmasq/ranges/add
@@ -214,7 +246,7 @@ def set_dhcp_range(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]
     return {"interface": iface, "start": start, "end": end}
 
 
-@registry.register("DELETE", "/dnsmasq/ranges/remove")
+@registry.register(DELETE_DNSMASQ_RANGES_REMOVE)
 def remove_dhcp_range(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """\
     Endpoint: DELETE /dnsmasq/ranges/remove
@@ -249,7 +281,7 @@ def remove_dhcp_range(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, A
     return {"interface": iface, "start": start, "end": end}
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/dnsmasq/leases")
+@registry.register(GET_DNSMASQ_LEASES)
 def get_leases(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     """\
     Endpoint: GET /dnsmasq/leases
@@ -262,7 +294,7 @@ def get_leases(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     return []
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/dnsmasq/static-lease/add")
+@registry.register(POST_DNSMASQ_STATIC_LEASE_ADD)
 def add_static_lease(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """\
     Endpoint: POST /dnsmasq/static-lease/add
@@ -295,7 +327,7 @@ def add_static_lease(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, An
     return {"mac": mac, "ip": ip, "hostname": hostname}
 
 
-@registry.register("DELETE", "/dnsmasq/static-lease/remove")
+@registry.register(DELETE_DNSMASQ_STATIC_LEASE_REMOVE)
 def remove_static_lease(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """\
     Endpoint: DELETE /dnsmasq/static-lease/remove
@@ -320,7 +352,7 @@ def remove_static_lease(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str,
     return {"mac": mac}
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/dnsmasq/dns-record/add")
+@registry.register(POST_DNSMASQ_DNS_RECORD_ADD)
 def add_dns_record(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """\
     Endpoint: POST /dnsmasq/dns-record/add
@@ -353,7 +385,7 @@ def add_dns_record(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]
     return {"name": name, "address": address, "hostname": hostname}
 
 
-@registry.register("DELETE", "/dnsmasq/dns-record/remove")
+@registry.register(DELETE_DNSMASQ_DNS_RECORD_REMOVE)
 def remove_dns_record(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """\
     Endpoint: DELETE /dnsmasq/dns-record/remove
@@ -376,7 +408,7 @@ def remove_dns_record(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, A
     return {"name": name}
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/dnsmasq/upstreams")
+@registry.register(POST_DNSMASQ_UPSTREAMS)
 def set_upstreams(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """\
     Endpoint: POST /dnsmasq/upstreams
@@ -392,7 +424,7 @@ def set_upstreams(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"upstreams": cfg["dns"]["upstreams"]}
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/dnsmasq/domain")
+@registry.register(POST_DNSMASQ_DOMAIN)
 def set_domain(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """\
     Endpoint: POST /dnsmasq/domain

daemon/handlers/firewall.py

@@ -10,6 +10,29 @@ from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
 from uuid import uuid4
 
+from daemon.iface import (
+    DELETE_FIREWALL_FORWARD_PORT_REMOVE,
+    DELETE_FIREWALL_RICH_RULES_REMOVE,
+    DELETE_FIREWALL_ZONES_DELETE,
+    GET_FIREWALL_CONFIG,
+    GET_FIREWALL_CONFIG_PENDING,
+    GET_FIREWALL_INTERFACES,
+    GET_FIREWALL_RICH_RULES,
+    GET_FIREWALL_SERVICES,
+    GET_FIREWALL_STATE,
+    GET_FIREWALL_ZONES,
+    GET_FIREWALL_ZONES_ALL,
+    GET_FIREWALL_ZONES_INFO,
+    PATCH_FIREWALL_CONFIG,
+    POST_FIREWALL_CONFIG,
+    POST_FIREWALL_CONFIG_APPLY,
+    POST_FIREWALL_FORWARD_PORT_ADD,
+    POST_FIREWALL_MASQUERADE,
+    POST_FIREWALL_RICH_RULES_ADD,
+    POST_FIREWALL_ZONES_CREATE,
+    POST_FIREWALL_ZONES_INTERFACES,
+    POST_FIREWALL_ZONES_SERVICES,
+)
 from daemon.server import NotFoundError, refresh_state, registry
 from lib.common import load_json, run, save_json
 from lib.firewall import (
@@ -269,14 +292,14 @@ def _get_fw_state() -> dict[str, Any]:
     return fw
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/firewall/interfaces")
+@registry.register(GET_FIREWALL_INTERFACES)
 def get_interfaces(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     """GET /firewall/interfaces — return active interfaces from state."""
     fw = _get_fw_state()
     return fw.get("interfaces", [])
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/firewall/zones")
+@registry.register(GET_FIREWALL_ZONES)
 def get_zones(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     fw = _get_fw_state()
     active = fw.get("active_zones", {})
@@ -284,7 +307,7 @@ def get_zones(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"active": active, "available": list(zones.keys())}
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/firewall/zones/info")
+@registry.register(GET_FIREWALL_ZONES_INFO)
 def get_zone_info(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     if not body or "zone" not in body:
         raise ValueError("'zone' is required")
@@ -296,7 +319,7 @@ def get_zone_info(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return zones[zone]
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/firewall/zones/all")
+@registry.register(GET_FIREWALL_ZONES_ALL)
 def get_all_zones_info(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     fw = _get_fw_state()
     active = fw.get("active_zones", {})
@@ -308,18 +331,18 @@ def get_all_zones_info(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     return result
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/firewall/services")
+@registry.register(GET_FIREWALL_SERVICES)
 def get_services(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> list[str]:
     fw = _get_fw_state()
     return fw.get("available_services", [])
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/firewall/config")
+@registry.register(GET_FIREWALL_CONFIG)
 def get_config(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return _get_config()
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/firewall/config")
+@registry.register(POST_FIREWALL_CONFIG)
 def save_config_handler(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     if not body or "zones" not in body:
         raise ValueError("'zones' key is required")
@@ -331,7 +354,7 @@ def save_config_handler(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str,
     return {"config_saved": True}
 
 
-@registry.register("PATCH", "/firewall/config")
+@registry.register(PATCH_FIREWALL_CONFIG)
 def patch_config(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     if not body:
         raise ValueError("Request body must be a JSON object")
@@ -345,13 +368,13 @@ def patch_config(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"config_saved": True}
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/firewall/config/pending")
+@registry.register(GET_FIREWALL_CONFIG_PENDING)
 def config_pending_handler(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     fw = _get_fw_state()
     return fw.get("pending", {})
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/firewall/config/apply")
+@registry.register(POST_FIREWALL_CONFIG_APPLY)
 def config_apply(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     result = _config_apply()
     logger.info("Firewall config applied: %s", result.get("applied_zones", []))
@@ -359,7 +382,7 @@ def config_apply(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return result
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/firewall/zones/create")
+@registry.register(POST_FIREWALL_ZONES_CREATE)
 def create_zone(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     if not body:
         raise ValueError("Request body required")
@@ -385,7 +408,7 @@ def create_zone(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"zone": zone_name}
 
 
-@registry.register("DELETE", "/firewall/zones/delete")
+@registry.register(DELETE_FIREWALL_ZONES_DELETE)
 def delete_zone(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     if not body or "zone" not in body:
         raise ValueError("'zone' is required")
@@ -400,7 +423,7 @@ def delete_zone(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"zone": zone}
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/firewall/zones/interfaces")
+@registry.register(POST_FIREWALL_ZONES_INTERFACES)
 def set_zone_interfaces(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     if not body:
         raise ValueError("Request body required")
@@ -470,7 +493,7 @@ def set_zone_interfaces(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str,
     return {"zone": zone, "interfaces": interfaces}
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/firewall/zones/services")
+@registry.register(POST_FIREWALL_ZONES_SERVICES)
 def set_zone_services(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     if not body:
         raise ValueError("Request body required")
@@ -509,7 +532,7 @@ def set_zone_services(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, A
     return {"zone": zone, "services": services}
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/firewall/rich-rules/add")
+@registry.register(POST_FIREWALL_RICH_RULES_ADD)
 def add_rich_rule(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     if not body:
         raise ValueError("Request body required")
@@ -540,7 +563,7 @@ def add_rich_rule(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"zone": zone, "id": rule_id, "rule": rule}
 
 
-@registry.register("DELETE", "/firewall/rich-rules/remove")
+@registry.register(DELETE_FIREWALL_RICH_RULES_REMOVE)
 def remove_rich_rule(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     if not body:
         raise ValueError("Request body required")
@@ -578,7 +601,7 @@ def remove_rich_rule(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, An
     return {"zone": zone, "id": rule_id}
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/firewall/rich-rules")
+@registry.register(GET_FIREWALL_RICH_RULES)
 def list_rich_rules(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     if not body or "zone" not in body:
         raise ValueError("'zone' is required")
@@ -598,7 +621,7 @@ def list_rich_rules(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> list[dict[str
     return result
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/firewall/masquerade")
+@registry.register(POST_FIREWALL_MASQUERADE)
 def set_masquerade(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     if not body:
         raise ValueError("Request body required")
@@ -613,7 +636,7 @@ def set_masquerade(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]
     return {"zone": zone, "masquerade": bool(enable)}
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/firewall/forward-port/add")
+@registry.register(POST_FIREWALL_FORWARD_PORT_ADD)
 def add_forward_port(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     if not body:
         raise ValueError("Request body required")
@@ -656,7 +679,7 @@ def add_forward_port(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, An
     return {"zone": zone, "id": fp_id, "port": int(port), "proto": proto}
 
 
-@registry.register("DELETE", "/firewall/forward-port/remove")
+@registry.register(DELETE_FIREWALL_FORWARD_PORT_REMOVE)
 def remove_forward_port(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     if not body:
         raise ValueError("Request body required")
@@ -703,7 +726,7 @@ def remove_forward_port(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str,
     return {"zone": zone, "port": int(port), "proto": proto}
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/firewall/state")
+@registry.register(GET_FIREWALL_STATE)
 def get_state(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     fw = _get_state()
     if fw is None:

daemon/handlers/logs.py

@@ -6,7 +6,14 @@ Reads system logs and journal entries.
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-from daemon.server import registry
+from daemon.iface import (
+    GET_LOGS_APP,
+    GET_LOGS_DNSMASQ,
+    GET_LOGS_JOURNAL,
+    GET_LOGS_NGINX_ACCESS,
+    GET_LOGS_NGINX_ERROR,
+)
+from daemon.server import NotFoundError, registry
 from lib.common import run_proc
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -36,9 +43,9 @@ def _tail_file(path: str, n: int = _MAX_LINES, sudo: bool = False) -> str:
                 lines = f.readlines()
         return "".join(lines[-n:])
     except FileNotFoundError:
-        return "(log file not found)\n"
+        raise NotFoundError("log file not found") from None
     except PermissionError:
-        return "(permission denied)\n"
+        raise RuntimeError("permission denied") from None
 
 
 def _sudo_journalctl(unit: str, n: int = _MAX_LINES) -> str:
@@ -61,34 +68,34 @@ def _sudo_journalctl(unit: str, n: int = _MAX_LINES) -> str:
         output = result.stdout.strip()
         return output if output else f"(no journal entries for {unit})\n"
     except Exception as exc:
-        return f"(error reading journal: {exc})\n"
+        raise RuntimeError(f"error reading journal: {exc}") from exc
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/logs/journal")
+@registry.register(GET_LOGS_JOURNAL)
 def journal(_request, _body) -> str:
     """GET /logs/journal — return vacuum-wall daemon journal entries."""
     return _sudo_journalctl("vacuum-wall")
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/logs/nginx/access")
+@registry.register(GET_LOGS_NGINX_ACCESS)
 def nginx_access(_request, _body) -> str:
     """GET /logs/nginx/access — return recent nginx access log lines."""
     return _tail_file("/var/log/nginx/access.log", sudo=True)
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/logs/nginx/error")
+@registry.register(GET_LOGS_NGINX_ERROR)
 def nginx_error(_request, _body) -> str:
     """GET /logs/nginx/error — return recent nginx error log lines."""
     return _tail_file("/var/log/nginx/error.log", sudo=True)
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/logs/dnsmasq")
+@registry.register(GET_LOGS_DNSMASQ)
 def dnsmasq_log(_request, _body) -> str:
     """GET /logs/dnsmasq — return recent dnsmasq journal entries."""
     return _sudo_journalctl("dnsmasq")
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/logs/app")
+@registry.register(GET_LOGS_APP)
 def app_log(_request, _body) -> str:
     """GET /logs/app — return recent application log lines."""
     return _tail_file(str(_APP_LOG_FILE))

daemon/handlers/network.py

@@ -6,13 +6,25 @@ via config/network/config.json and generated .network files.
 
 import contextlib
 import logging
+import re
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
 
+from daemon.iface import (
+    GET_NETWORK_INFER_DHCP_RANGES,
+    GET_NETWORK_INFER_ZONES,
+    GET_NETWORK_INTERFACE_NAME,
+    GET_NETWORK_INTERFACES,
+    POST_NETWORK_APPLY,
+    POST_NETWORK_INTERFACE_NAME,
+    POST_NETWORK_INTERFACE_RELOAD,
+    POST_NETWORK_SYSCTL_SET,
+)
 from daemon.server import NotFoundError, registry
-from lib.common import run
+from lib.common import run, validate_interface_name
 from lib.dnsmasq import set_upstreams
 from lib.network import (
+    KNOWN_INTERFACE_KEYS,
     collect_upstream_dns,
     generate_network_files,
     get_config,
@@ -31,15 +43,48 @@ DATA_DIR = PROJECT_DIR / "data" / "networkd"
 
 
 def _copy_and_reload(iface_name: str) -> None:
-    """Copy generated 50-<name>.network file to /etc/systemd/network/ and reload."""
+    """Copy generated 99-<name>.network file to /etc/systemd/network/ and reload."""
-    src = DATA_DIR / f"50-{iface_name}.network"
+    validate_interface_name(iface_name)
+    src = DATA_DIR / f"99-{iface_name}.network"
     dst_dir = Path("/etc/systemd/network")
     run(["mkdir", "-p", str(dst_dir)], sudo=True)
-    dst = dst_dir / f"50-{iface_name}.network"
+    dst = dst_dir / f"99-{iface_name}.network"
     run(["cp", str(src), str(dst)], sudo=True)
+
+    # Remove lower-priority .network files that match this interface
+    # (they would override our config due to higher systemd priority)
+    if dst_dir.exists():
+        for f in dst_dir.iterdir():
+            if (
+                f.name.endswith(".network")
+                and f.name != dst.name
+                and _matches_interface(f.name, iface_name)
+            ):
+                with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
+                    run(["rm", str(f)], sudo=True)
+                    logger.info("Removed conflicting file: %s", f.name)
+
+    run(["networkctl", "reload"], sudo=True)
     run(["networkctl", "reconfigure", iface_name], sudo=True)
 
 
+def _matches_interface(filename: str, iface_name: str) -> bool:
+    """Check if a .network filename would match the given interface."""
+    base = filename.replace(".network", "")
+    # Strip numeric priority prefix (e.g. "50-eth1" → "eth1")
+    if "-" in base and base.split("-", 1)[0].isdigit():
+        base = base.split("-", 1)[1]
+    return base == iface_name
+
+
+def _extract_iface_from_filename(filename: str) -> str | None:
+    """Extract interface name from a .network filename (e.g. '50-eth1.network' → 'eth1')."""
+    base = filename.replace(".network", "")
+    if "-" in base and base.split("-", 1)[0].isdigit():
+        return base.split("-", 1)[1]
+    return base if base else None
+
+
 def _full_reload() -> None:
     """Reload networkd for all interfaces."""
     run(["networkctl", "reload"], sudo=True)
@@ -50,7 +95,7 @@ def _full_reload() -> None:
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/network/interfaces")
+@registry.register(GET_NETWORK_INTERFACES)
 def get_interfaces(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """GET /network/interfaces — return all interface config + runtime state."""
     cfg = get_config()
@@ -68,15 +113,17 @@ def get_interfaces(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
             "runtime": runtime.get(name, {}),
         }
 
-    return {"interfaces": merged, "timestamp": ""}
+    from lib.state import _now_iso
+
+    return {"interfaces": merged, "timestamp": _now_iso()}
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/network/interfaces/<name>")
+@registry.register(GET_NETWORK_INTERFACE_NAME)
 def get_interface(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """GET /network/interfaces/<name> — return config for one interface."""
     if not body or "name" not in body:
         raise ValueError("Interface name is required")
-    name = body["name"]
+    name = validate_interface_name(body["name"])
     cfg = get_config()
     ifaces = cfg.get("interfaces", {})
     if name not in ifaces:
@@ -94,17 +141,24 @@ def get_interface(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     }
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/network/interfaces/<name>")
+@registry.register(POST_NETWORK_INTERFACE_NAME)
 def save_interface(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """POST /network/interfaces/<name> — save config, render, apply."""
     if not body:
         raise ValueError("Request body required")
-    name = body.get("name", "").strip()
+    name = validate_interface_name(body.get("name", ""))
-    if not name:
-        raise ValueError("'name' is required")
 
     iface_cfg = {k: v for k, v in body.items() if k not in ("name",)}
 
+    unknown = set(iface_cfg.keys()) - KNOWN_INTERFACE_KEYS
+    if unknown:
+        logger.warning(
+            "Interface '%s': unexpected config keys %s — these will be "
+            "saved but not rendered to .network files",
+            name,
+            sorted(unknown),
+        )
+
     with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
         raw = run(["networkctl", "status", "--all"], sudo=True)
         runtime = parse_networkctl_status(raw)
@@ -122,7 +176,7 @@ def save_interface(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]
 
     content = render_network_file(name, iface_cfg)
     DATA_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    (DATA_DIR / f"50-{name}.network").write_text(content)
+    (DATA_DIR / f"99-{name}.network").write_text(content)
 
     # Deploy to system. In containerized environments this may fail
     # (e.g. read-only /run/sudo timestamps) — don't let that block the save.
@@ -142,12 +196,12 @@ def save_interface(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]
     return {"name": name, "applied": deployed}
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/network/interfaces/<name>/reload")
+@registry.register(POST_NETWORK_INTERFACE_RELOAD)
 def reload_interface(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """POST /network/interfaces/<name>/reload — reload networkd for interface."""
     if not body or "name" not in body:
         raise ValueError("'name' is required in request body")
-    name = body["name"]
+    name = validate_interface_name(body["name"])
 
     with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
         run(["networkctl", "reconfigure", name], sudo=True)
@@ -156,7 +210,7 @@ def reload_interface(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, An
     return {"name": name, "reloaded": True}
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/network/apply")
+@registry.register(POST_NETWORK_APPLY)
 def apply_all(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """POST /network/apply — apply ALL interfaces (full sync)."""
     cfg = get_config()
@@ -164,14 +218,21 @@ def apply_all(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     generated = result.get("generated", [])
     cleaned = result.get("cleaned", [])
 
-    # Remove stale files from system dir that aren't in config
+    # Remove stale/conflicting files from system dir
     expected_names = {f.name for f in generated}
+    managed_ifaces = {
+        f.name.replace("99-", "").replace(".network", "") for f in generated
+    }
     sys_dir = Path("/etc/systemd/network")
     if sys_dir.exists():
         for f in sys_dir.iterdir():
             if f.name.endswith(".network") and f.name not in expected_names:
+                iface_from_file = _extract_iface_from_filename(f.name)
+                if iface_from_file and iface_from_file in managed_ifaces:
+                    # Remove conflicting external configs for managed interfaces
                     with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
                         run(["rm", str(f)], sudo=True)
+                        cleaned.append(f)
 
     for f in generated:
         dst = sys_dir / f.name
@@ -201,7 +262,7 @@ def apply_all(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     }
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/network/infer-dhcp-ranges")
+@registry.register(GET_NETWORK_INFER_DHCP_RANGES)
 def get_infer_dhcp_ranges(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """GET /network/infer-dhcp-ranges — suggest DHCP ranges from static IPs."""
     cfg = get_config()
@@ -209,9 +270,44 @@ def get_infer_dhcp_ranges(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"ranges": ranges}
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/network/infer-zones")
+@registry.register(GET_NETWORK_INFER_ZONES)
 def get_infer_zones(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """GET /network/infer-zones — suggest firewalld zones from interface config."""
     cfg = get_config()
     zones = infer_zones(cfg)
     return {"zones": zones}
+
+
+@registry.register(POST_NETWORK_SYSCTL_SET)
+def set_sysctl(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """POST /sysctl/set — set a sysctl kernel parameter value.
+
+    Writes the value via `sysctl -w`, then verifies by reading it back.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: When name or value is missing.
+    """
+    if not body:
+        raise ValueError("Request body required")
+    name = body.get("name", "").strip()
+    if not name:
+        raise ValueError("'name' is required")
+    if not re.match(r"^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+(\.[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)*$", name):
+        raise ValueError("'name' is not a valid sysctl key")
+    value = str(body.get("value", "")).strip()
+    if not value:
+        raise ValueError("'value' is required")
+
+    run(["sysctl", "-w", f"{name}={value}"], sudo=True)
+
+    # Verify by reading back via /proc/sys (no sudo needed for reads, avoid
+    # triggering sudoers for read-only sysctl which is not whitelisted)
+    proc_path = Path(f"/proc/sys/{name.replace('.', '/')}")
+    read_value = proc_path.read_text().strip()
+    if read_value != value:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            f"sysctl verify failed: set {name}={value} but read back {read_value}"
+        )
+
+    logger.info("sysctl %s set to %s", name, value)
+    return {"name": name, "value": value}

daemon/handlers/nginx.py

@@ -8,6 +8,20 @@ from typing import Any
 
 from jinja2 import Environment, FileSystemLoader
 
+from daemon.iface import (
+    DELETE_NGINX_DOMAINS_REMOVE,
+    GET_NGINX_CONFIG,
+    GET_NGINX_DOMAINS,
+    PATCH_NGINX_CONFIG,
+    POST_NGINX_APPLY,
+    POST_NGINX_CONFIG,
+    POST_NGINX_DOMAINS_ADD,
+    POST_NGINX_DOMAINS_UPDATE,
+    POST_NGINX_MANAGEMENT,
+    POST_NGINX_RELOAD,
+    POST_NGINX_SSL_APPLY,
+    POST_NGINX_TEST,
+)
 from daemon.server import NotFoundError, refresh_state, registry
 from lib.common import ensure_dirs, load_json, run, run_proc, save_json
 
@@ -125,7 +139,7 @@ def _write_include_file() -> None:
     """Write the system include file that references all per-site configs."""
     tmpl = ENV.get_template("nginx/include.conf")
     content = tmpl.render(sites_glob=str(SITES_DIR / "*.conf"))
-    tmp = INCLUDE_FILE.with_suffix(".tmp")
+    tmp = Path("/tmp") / "vacuum-wall-include.tmp"
     with open(tmp, "w") as f:
         f.write(content)
     os.chmod(tmp, 0o644)
@@ -143,7 +157,7 @@ def _write_ssl_snippet() -> None:
     ssl_cfg.setdefault("ciphers", DEFAULT_SSL["ciphers"])
     tmpl = ENV.get_template("nginx/ssl_snippet.conf")
     content = tmpl.render(ssl=ssl_cfg)
-    tmp = SSL_SNIPPET.with_suffix(".tmp")
+    tmp = Path("/tmp") / "vacuum-wall-ssl-snippet.tmp"
     with open(tmp, "w") as f:
         f.write(content)
     os.chmod(tmp, 0o644)
@@ -225,6 +239,20 @@ def _write_all_sites() -> None:
     os.replace(tmp, site)
 
 
+def _hash_password(password: str) -> str:
+    """Hash *password* using SHA-256 crypt via passlib.
+
+    Args:
+        password: Plain-text password to hash.
+
+    Returns:
+        The hashed password string suitable for ``.htpasswd``.
+    """
+    from passlib.hash import sha256_crypt
+
+    return sha256_crypt.hash(password)
+
+
 def _write_htpasswd(user: str, password: str) -> None:
     """Add or update a user entry in the .htpasswd file using SHA-256 hashing.
 
@@ -233,10 +261,7 @@ def _write_htpasswd(user: str, password: str) -> None:
         password: Plain-text password to hash.
     """
     ensure_dirs(DATA_DIR)
-    import crypt
+    hashed = _hash_password(password)
-
-    salt = os.urandom(16).hex()[:16]
-    hashed = crypt.crypt(password, f"$5${salt}")
     existing: dict[str, str] = {}
     if HTPASSWD_FILE.exists():
         with open(HTPASSWD_FILE) as f:
@@ -268,7 +293,7 @@ def _get_nginx_state() -> dict[str, Any]:
 # Routes
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/nginx/config")
+@registry.register(GET_NGINX_CONFIG)
 def get_config(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """GET /nginx/config — return current nginx config.
 
@@ -281,7 +306,7 @@ def get_config(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return _get_config()
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/nginx/config")
+@registry.register(POST_NGINX_CONFIG)
 def save_config_handler(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """POST /nginx/config — replace the entire nginx config and refresh state.
 
@@ -295,7 +320,7 @@ def save_config_handler(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str,
     return {"config_saved": True}
 
 
-@registry.register("PATCH", "/nginx/config")
+@registry.register(PATCH_NGINX_CONFIG)
 def patch_config(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """PATCH /nginx/config — deep-merge partial updates into current config.
 
@@ -313,7 +338,7 @@ def patch_config(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"config_saved": True}
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/nginx/domains")
+@registry.register(GET_NGINX_DOMAINS)
 def get_domains(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     """GET /nginx/domains — return the list of configured proxy domains.
 
@@ -326,7 +351,7 @@ def get_domains(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     return []
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/nginx/domains/add")
+@registry.register(POST_NGINX_DOMAINS_ADD)
 def add_domain(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """POST /nginx/domains/add — add a new reverse-proxy domain entry.
 
@@ -369,7 +394,7 @@ def add_domain(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"domain": domain}
 
 
-@registry.register("DELETE", "/nginx/domains/remove")
+@registry.register(DELETE_NGINX_DOMAINS_REMOVE)
 def remove_domain(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """DELETE /nginx/domains/remove — remove a domain from the proxy config.
 
@@ -394,7 +419,7 @@ def remove_domain(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"domain": domain}
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/nginx/domains/update")
+@registry.register(POST_NGINX_DOMAINS_UPDATE)
 def update_domain(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """POST /nginx/domains/update — patch fields of an existing domain entry.
 
@@ -422,7 +447,7 @@ def update_domain(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"domain": domain}
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/nginx/apply")
+@registry.register(POST_NGINX_APPLY)
 def apply(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """POST /nginx/apply — render all configs, test, and reload nginx.
 
@@ -440,7 +465,7 @@ def apply(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"applied": True}
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/nginx/test")
+@registry.register(POST_NGINX_TEST)
 def test(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """POST /nginx/test — dry-run validate the live nginx config without applying.
 
@@ -451,7 +476,7 @@ def test(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"valid": valid, "output": output}
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/nginx/ssl-apply")
+@registry.register(POST_NGINX_SSL_APPLY)
 def ssl_apply(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """POST /nginx/ssl-apply — re-render and install only the SSL snippet."""
     _write_ssl_snippet()
@@ -459,7 +484,7 @@ def ssl_apply(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"applied": True}
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/nginx/management")
+@registry.register(POST_NGINX_MANAGEMENT)
 def set_management_proxy(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """POST /nginx/management — configure the management UI reverse proxy.
 
@@ -490,7 +515,7 @@ def set_management_proxy(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str
     return {"domain": domain}
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/nginx/reload")
+@registry.register(POST_NGINX_RELOAD)
 def reload_nginx(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """POST /nginx/reload — trigger an nginx reload (SIGHUP)."""
     _reload_nginx()

daemon/handlers/wireguard.py

@@ -9,6 +9,20 @@ from typing import Any
 
 from jinja2 import Environment, FileSystemLoader
 
+from daemon.iface import (
+    DELETE_WIREGUARD_PEERS_REMOVE,
+    GET_WIREGUARD_CONFIG,
+    GET_WIREGUARD_PEER_STATUS,
+    GET_WIREGUARD_PEERS,
+    GET_WIREGUARD_STATUS,
+    PATCH_WIREGUARD_CONFIG,
+    POST_WIREGUARD_APPLY,
+    POST_WIREGUARD_CONFIG,
+    POST_WIREGUARD_DOWN,
+    POST_WIREGUARD_GENERATE_CLIENT,
+    POST_WIREGUARD_INITIALIZE,
+    POST_WIREGUARD_PEERS_ADD,
+)
 from daemon.server import NotFoundError, refresh_state, registry
 from lib.common import deep_merge, load_json, run, run_proc, save_json
 
@@ -80,7 +94,7 @@ def _get_wg_state() -> dict[str, Any]:
 # Routes
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/wireguard/config")
+@registry.register(GET_WIREGUARD_CONFIG)
 def get_config(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """GET /wireguard/config — return WireGuard config with private key stripped."""
     wg = _get_wg_state()
@@ -94,7 +108,7 @@ def get_config(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return safe
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/wireguard/config")
+@registry.register(POST_WIREGUARD_CONFIG)
 def save_config_handler(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """POST /wireguard/config — replace config, preserving existing private key.
 
@@ -116,7 +130,7 @@ def save_config_handler(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str,
     return {"config_saved": True}
 
 
-@registry.register("PATCH", "/wireguard/config")
+@registry.register(PATCH_WIREGUARD_CONFIG)
 def patch_config(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """PATCH /wireguard/config — deep-merge patch into existing config.
 
@@ -136,7 +150,7 @@ def patch_config(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"config_saved": True}
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/wireguard/apply")
+@registry.register(POST_WIREGUARD_APPLY)
 def apply(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """POST /wireguard/apply — render config, write to disk, bring up tunnel via sudo."""
     cfg = _get_config()
@@ -157,7 +171,7 @@ def apply(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"applied": True}
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/wireguard/down")
+@registry.register(POST_WIREGUARD_DOWN)
 def down(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """POST /wireguard/down — bring down the WireGuard tunnel via sudo."""
     cfg = _get_config()
@@ -168,7 +182,7 @@ def down(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"down": True}
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/wireguard/status")
+@registry.register(GET_WIREGUARD_STATUS)
 def status(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """GET /wireguard/status — return current WireGuard status from cache."""
     wg = _get_wg_state()
@@ -177,7 +191,7 @@ def status(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"up": False, "interface": {}, "peers": []}
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/wireguard/initialize")
+@registry.register(POST_WIREGUARD_INITIALIZE)
 def initialize(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """POST /wireguard/initialize — generate keypair and store in config (idempotent)."""
     cfg = _get_config()
@@ -198,7 +212,7 @@ def initialize(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"initialized": True, "config": safe}
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/wireguard/peers/add")
+@registry.register(POST_WIREGUARD_PEERS_ADD)
 def add_peer(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """POST /wireguard/peers/add — add new peer or update existing one.
 
@@ -242,7 +256,7 @@ def add_peer(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return peer_out
 
 
-@registry.register("DELETE", "/wireguard/peers/remove")
+@registry.register(DELETE_WIREGUARD_PEERS_REMOVE)
 def remove_peer(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """DELETE /wireguard/peers/remove — remove a peer by name.
 
@@ -266,7 +280,7 @@ def remove_peer(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     return {"name": name}
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/wireguard/peers")
+@registry.register(GET_WIREGUARD_PEERS)
 def list_peers(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     """GET /wireguard/peers — return configured peers with private keys stripped."""
     wg = _get_wg_state()
@@ -282,7 +296,7 @@ def list_peers(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     return result
 
 
-@registry.register("GET", "/wireguard/peer-status")
+@registry.register(GET_WIREGUARD_PEER_STATUS)
 def get_peer_status(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     """GET /wireguard/peer-status — return runtime peer status from cache."""
     wg = _get_wg_state()
@@ -291,7 +305,7 @@ def get_peer_status(_request: Any, _body: Any) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     return []
 
 
-@registry.register("POST", "/wireguard/generate-client")
+@registry.register(POST_WIREGUARD_GENERATE_CLIENT)
 def generate_client_conf(_request: Any, body: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """POST /wireguard/generate-client — render client-side WireGuard config for a peer.
 

daemon/iface.py

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+"""Shared walld interface definitions.
+
+This module is the **single source of truth** for all daemon API endpoints.
+Every endpoint is a frozen tuple of (method, path). Both the server's
+registry.register() and the client's request/get/post/patch/delete() accept
+an Endpoint in addition to a plain string path, so renaming an endpoint here
+automatically updates both sides.
+
+Usage:
+
+    # Server (daemon/handlers/)
+    from daemon.iface import GET_FIREWALL_ZONES
+
+    @registry.register(GET_FIREWALL_ZONES)
+    def get_zones(_request, _body):
+        ...
+
+    # Client (webui/api/)
+    from daemon.iface import GET_FIREWALL_ZONES
+    from daemon.client import get
+
+    data = get(GET_FIREWALL_ZONES)
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+Endpoint = tuple[str, str]
+PathLike = str | Endpoint
+
+
+def _ep(method: str, path: str) -> Endpoint:
+    return (method, path)
+
+
+# ---- Nginx / Proxy ----
+GET_NGINX_CONFIG: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/nginx/config")
+POST_NGINX_CONFIG: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/nginx/config")
+PATCH_NGINX_CONFIG: Endpoint = _ep("PATCH", "/nginx/config")
+GET_NGINX_DOMAINS: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/nginx/domains")
+POST_NGINX_DOMAINS_ADD: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/nginx/domains/add")
+DELETE_NGINX_DOMAINS_REMOVE: Endpoint = _ep("DELETE", "/nginx/domains/remove")
+POST_NGINX_DOMAINS_UPDATE: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/nginx/domains/update")
+POST_NGINX_APPLY: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/nginx/apply")
+POST_NGINX_TEST: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/nginx/test")
+POST_NGINX_SSL_APPLY: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/nginx/ssl-apply")
+POST_NGINX_MANAGEMENT: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/nginx/management")
+POST_NGINX_RELOAD: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/nginx/reload")
+
+# ---- Firewall ----
+GET_FIREWALL_INTERFACES: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/firewall/interfaces")
+GET_FIREWALL_ZONES: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/firewall/zones")
+GET_FIREWALL_ZONES_INFO: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/firewall/zones/info")
+GET_FIREWALL_ZONES_ALL: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/firewall/zones/all")
+GET_FIREWALL_SERVICES: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/firewall/services")
+GET_FIREWALL_CONFIG: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/firewall/config")
+POST_FIREWALL_CONFIG: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/firewall/config")
+PATCH_FIREWALL_CONFIG: Endpoint = _ep("PATCH", "/firewall/config")
+GET_FIREWALL_CONFIG_PENDING: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/firewall/config/pending")
+POST_FIREWALL_CONFIG_APPLY: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/firewall/config/apply")
+POST_FIREWALL_ZONES_CREATE: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/firewall/zones/create")
+DELETE_FIREWALL_ZONES_DELETE: Endpoint = _ep("DELETE", "/firewall/zones/delete")
+POST_FIREWALL_ZONES_INTERFACES: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/firewall/zones/interfaces")
+POST_FIREWALL_ZONES_SERVICES: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/firewall/zones/services")
+POST_FIREWALL_RICH_RULES_ADD: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/firewall/rich-rules/add")
+DELETE_FIREWALL_RICH_RULES_REMOVE: Endpoint = _ep(
+    "DELETE", "/firewall/rich-rules/remove"
+)
+GET_FIREWALL_RICH_RULES: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/firewall/rich-rules")
+POST_FIREWALL_MASQUERADE: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/firewall/masquerade")
+POST_FIREWALL_FORWARD_PORT_ADD: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/firewall/forward-port/add")
+DELETE_FIREWALL_FORWARD_PORT_REMOVE: Endpoint = _ep(
+    "DELETE", "/firewall/forward-port/remove"
+)
+GET_FIREWALL_STATE: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/firewall/state")
+
+# ---- WireGuard ----
+GET_WIREGUARD_CONFIG: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/wireguard/config")
+POST_WIREGUARD_CONFIG: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/wireguard/config")
+PATCH_WIREGUARD_CONFIG: Endpoint = _ep("PATCH", "/wireguard/config")
+POST_WIREGUARD_APPLY: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/wireguard/apply")
+POST_WIREGUARD_DOWN: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/wireguard/down")
+GET_WIREGUARD_STATUS: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/wireguard/status")
+POST_WIREGUARD_INITIALIZE: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/wireguard/initialize")
+POST_WIREGUARD_PEERS_ADD: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/wireguard/peers/add")
+DELETE_WIREGUARD_PEERS_REMOVE: Endpoint = _ep("DELETE", "/wireguard/peers/remove")
+GET_WIREGUARD_PEERS: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/wireguard/peers")
+GET_WIREGUARD_PEER_STATUS: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/wireguard/peer-status")
+POST_WIREGUARD_GENERATE_CLIENT: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/wireguard/generate-client")
+
+# ---- ACME / Certs ----
+GET_ACME_LIST: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/acme/list")
+GET_ACME_INFO: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/acme/info")
+POST_ACME_VALIDATE: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/acme/validate")
+POST_ACME_ISSUE: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/acme/issue")
+GET_ACME_ISSUE_STATUS: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/acme/issue/status")
+POST_ACME_RENEW: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/acme/renew")
+DELETE_ACME_REMOVE: Endpoint = _ep("DELETE", "/acme/remove")
+POST_ACME_EMAIL: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/acme/email")
+GET_ACME_EMAIL: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/acme/email")
+GET_ACME_PATHS: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/acme/paths")
+POST_ACME_SELF_SIGNED: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/acme/self-signed")
+
+# ---- Dnsmasq / DHCP ----
+GET_DNSMASQ_CONFIG: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/dnsmasq/config")
+POST_DNSMASQ_CONFIG: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/dnsmasq/config")
+PATCH_DNSMASQ_CONFIG: Endpoint = _ep("PATCH", "/dnsmasq/config")
+POST_DNSMASQ_APPLY: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/dnsmasq/apply")
+GET_DNSMASQ_STATUS: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/dnsmasq/status")
+POST_DNSMASQ_RANGES_ADD: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/dnsmasq/ranges/add")
+DELETE_DNSMASQ_RANGES_REMOVE: Endpoint = _ep("DELETE", "/dnsmasq/ranges/remove")
+GET_DNSMASQ_LEASES: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/dnsmasq/leases")
+POST_DNSMASQ_STATIC_LEASE_ADD: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/dnsmasq/static-lease/add")
+DELETE_DNSMASQ_STATIC_LEASE_REMOVE: Endpoint = _ep(
+    "DELETE", "/dnsmasq/static-lease/remove"
+)
+POST_DNSMASQ_DNS_RECORD_ADD: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/dnsmasq/dns-record/add")
+DELETE_DNSMASQ_DNS_RECORD_REMOVE: Endpoint = _ep("DELETE", "/dnsmasq/dns-record/remove")
+POST_DNSMASQ_UPSTREAMS: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/dnsmasq/upstreams")
+POST_DNSMASQ_DOMAIN: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/dnsmasq/domain")
+
+# ---- Network ----
+GET_NETWORK_INTERFACES: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/network/interfaces")
+GET_NETWORK_INTERFACE_NAME: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/network/interfaces/<name>")
+POST_NETWORK_INTERFACE_NAME: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/network/interfaces/<name>")
+POST_NETWORK_INTERFACE_RELOAD: Endpoint = _ep(
+    "POST", "/network/interfaces/<name>/reload"
+)
+POST_NETWORK_APPLY: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/network/apply")
+GET_NETWORK_INFER_DHCP_RANGES: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/network/infer-dhcp-ranges")
+GET_NETWORK_INFER_ZONES: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/network/infer-zones")
+POST_NETWORK_SYSCTL_SET: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/network/sysctl/set")
+
+# ---- Logs ----
+GET_LOGS_JOURNAL: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/logs/journal")
+GET_LOGS_NGINX_ACCESS: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/logs/nginx/access")
+GET_LOGS_NGINX_ERROR: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/logs/nginx/error")
+GET_LOGS_DNSMASQ: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/logs/dnsmasq")
+GET_LOGS_APP: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/logs/app")
+
+# ---- Server infra (not going through client) ----
+GET_HEALTH: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/health")
+GET_STATUS_ALL: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/status/all")
+POST_STATUS_REFRESH: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/status/refresh")
+GET_WS: Endpoint = _ep("GET", "/ws")
+POST_BATCH: Endpoint = _ep("POST", "/batch")
+
+# Collect all endpoint module-level constants for __all__ verification
+_all_endpoints = [
+    name
+    for name, val in globals().items()
+    if isinstance(val, tuple) and len(val) == 2 and all(isinstance(x, str) for x in val)
+]
+__all__ = ["Endpoint", "PathLike", *sorted(_all_endpoints)]

daemon/server.py

@@ -15,12 +15,14 @@ from typing import Any
 
 from aiohttp import web
 
+from daemon.iface import PathLike
 from lib.state import state as state_store
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 PROJECT_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
 SOCKET_PATH = PROJECT_DIR / "data" / "daemon.sock"
+_WS_PORT = int(os.environ.get("VACUUM_WALLD_WS_PORT", "9091"))
 
 
 class Handler:
@@ -53,20 +55,28 @@ class Registry:
         """Initialize an empty route registry."""
         self._routes: dict[tuple[str, str], Callable] = {}
 
-    def register(self, method: str, path: str):
+    def register(self, method: PathLike, path: str | None = None):
         """Decorator that registers a handler for the given method and path.
 
+        Accepts either two separate arguments (``method``, ``path``) or a
+        single :class:`daemon.iface.Endpoint` tuple.
+
         Args:
-            method: HTTP method (e.g. "GET", "POST").
+            method: HTTP method string, or an :class:`Endpoint` tuple.
-            path: URL path to register the handler under.
+            path: URL path (omit when passing an :class:`Endpoint`).
 
         Returns:
             Decorator function wrapping the handler.
         """
 
+        if isinstance(method, tuple):
+            ep_method, ep_path = method
+            path = ep_path
+            method = ep_method
+
         def decorator(fn: Callable) -> Callable:
-            self._routes[(method.upper(), path)] = fn
+            self._routes[(method.upper(), path)] = fn  # type: ignore[arg-type]
-            fn._handler = Handler(method, path)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            fn._handler = Handler(method, path)  # type: ignore[attr-defined,reportArgumentType]
             return fn
 
         return decorator
@@ -111,6 +121,17 @@ def refresh_state(subsystems: list[str] | None = None) -> None:
         subsystems: List of subsystem names to refresh. If None, all subsystems are refreshed.
     """
     state_store.populate(subsystems)
+    targets = subsystems or state_store.SUBSYSTEMS
+    for name in targets:
+        state_store.bump(name)
+    try:
+        asyncio.get_running_loop()
+    except RuntimeError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        task = asyncio.create_task(broadcast_versions())
+        task.add_done_callback(_ws_tasks.discard)
+        _ws_tasks.add(task)
 
 
 class NotFoundError(Exception):
@@ -295,10 +316,57 @@ def create_app() -> web.Application:
     app.router.add_route("GET", "/status/all", get_status_all)
     app.router.add_route("POST", "/status/refresh", refresh_status)
     app.router.add_route("POST", "/batch", _handle_batch)
+    app.router.add_route("GET", "/ws", _handle_ws)
     app.router.add_route("*", "/{tail:.*}", _catch_all)
     return app
 
 
+# WebSocket subscribers
+_ws_subscribers: set[web.WebSocketResponse] = set()
+_ws_tasks: set[asyncio.Task[None]] = set()
+
+
+async def _handle_ws(request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
+    """WebSocket endpoint for real-time state change notifications.
+
+    On connect: sends current versions. On state change: broadcasts
+    updated subsystem versions. Clients disconnect to unsubscribe.
+    """
+    ws = web.WebSocketResponse()
+    await ws.prepare(request)
+    _ws_subscribers.add(ws)
+
+    await ws.send_json({"type": "init", "versions": state_store.get_versions()})
+
+    try:
+        async for msg in ws:
+            if msg.type == web.WSMsgType.ERROR:
+                break
+            if msg.type == web.WSMsgType.CLOSE:
+                break
+    finally:
+        _ws_subscribers.discard(ws)
+
+    return ws
+
+
+async def broadcast_versions() -> None:
+    """Broadcast updated subsystem versions to all WebSocket clients."""
+    updated = state_store.get_updated_versions()
+    if not updated or not _ws_subscribers:
+        return
+    data = json.dumps({"type": "versions", "updated": updated})
+    dead: set[web.WebSocketResponse] = set()
+    for ws in _ws_subscribers:
+        try:
+            await ws.send_str(data)
+        except Exception:
+            dead.add(ws)
+    _ws_subscribers.difference_update(dead)
+    if dead:
+        logger.warning("Removed %d dead WS subscribers", len(dead))
+
+
 async def _health(_request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
     """Return the health check response.
 
@@ -399,6 +467,8 @@ def main() -> None:
     loop.run_until_complete(runner.setup())
     site = web.UnixSite(runner, socket_path)
     loop.run_until_complete(site.start())
+    tcp_site = web.TCPSite(runner, "127.0.0.1", _WS_PORT)
+    loop.run_until_complete(tcp_site.start())
 
     os.chmod(socket_path, 0o660)
 
@@ -406,6 +476,7 @@ def main() -> None:
     logger.info("Populating system state...")
     state_store.populate()
     logger.info("vacuum-walld listening on %s", socket_path)
+    logger.info("WebSocket on 127.0.0.1:%d", _WS_PORT)
 
     try:
         loop.run_forever()